Downy Woodpecker Feeding Babies

Mount Pisgah is a peaceful place that also experiences a fair amount of noise pollution. The rushing sounds of the interstate nearby can easily be heard. There are farms just across the river with tractors and other equipment buzzing. There is vehicle traffic in and out of the park with the bustling of people and their devices.

Yesterday I was sitting up on the hillside, so I could hear many different sounds of nature and civilization. To the south, I could hear a continuous sound mixed in with the hum. After listening to it for a while I decided it was in the park and went to investigate further. I was intrigued by how continuous the sound was. It was fairly faint and I wasn’t sure if it was nearby. Maybe it was obstructed by the hillside or trees or maybe facing away from me. I came around to the other side of the hill and the sound got a little stronger. I was fascinated by how constant it was. I decided to sit down and listen. After about 10 minutes, I caught out of the corner of my eye a bird flying up to a tree for a moment and then it flew away. What!? That continuous sound is begging birds! The tree cavity was facing away from me, and once I positioned myself around the other side I could just get a glimpse of the entrance and hear the birds clearer.

I listened and watched for a bit. I was amazed at how nonstop the begging of the baby birds was and the parents were coming and going constantly. It must be so exhausting to keep up with feeding them. It was a good reminder of how much energy birds expend to raise a family. Plus they have to be constantly looking over their shoulders to make sure a predator isn’t nearby. They must be frazzled by the end of the day.

Spotted Sandpiper

It’s morning.
I am sitting by the river on a small gravel bar.
Sunlight brushes across the tops of the cottonwoods.
A light, upstream breeze is blowing in from the ocean.
The air smells sweet and freshly laundered.
In front of me, a thicket of willows
lightly sweeps back and forth
in eddies of wind.
The willows grow from an anchor of stones—
a cobbled bed, smoothed
over centuries
by elemental friction.
A shallow sheet of water covers
this abraded bed.
A gentle current channels
its way through small, quiet pools.
It is a refuge.
It’s abundant with creatures visiting
to drink water, bathe, forage, and nest.
One of my favorites is the spotted sandpiper.
During breeding, the white canvas
of its winter breast
becomes dotted with a patchwork
of inky, brown spots
giving it its name.
It has a curious behavior
of bobbing its tail up and down.
I imagine it on a playground
with kids delightfully teetering on its body.
It loves to hop about the rocks
and wade through the water.
It will make visits over to me
if I am still.
Sometimes it will travel along the river.
It flies low over the water
and mixes short, rapid wingbeats
in with small glides.
I lose sight of it sometimes,
but I can hear the clear, simple
high-pitched notes it sings
as it wanders and explores.
I look forward to it returning every year
and spending time here.
I never tire of watching it
and being in the presence of
its peacefulness and elegance.

Cedar Waxwings Eating Twinberries

I was walking around the south meadow and remembered to go check on one of my favorite plants, the twinberry. It received significant damage from the ice storm, and I was concerned how well it might recover. It leafed out beautifully at the beginning of spring, and I felt reassured as it flourished with plenty of yellow blossoms. I knew the berries were probably ripening, so I cautiously approached the area hoping to see some birds eating them. Before the shrub came into view, I could hear the high-pitched whistling of cedar waxwings. When I slowly rounded the corner, I found about a dozen waxwings and one robin devouring the berries. Many of the berries were accessible by perching on a nearby branch, but some were just out of reach. I enjoyed watching them launch upwards, hover underneath a berry, and pluck it. I came in just the nick of time because it wasn’t long before most of them were gone.

Afterward, they moved over to a thicket of osoberries next to me and started gobbling them up. I am always amazed at the appetite songbirds have. They are so small and seem to be eating an incredible amount of food. Later on, I watched cedar waxwings sweeping back and forth across the river eating copious amounts Mayflies. It takes a lot of energy to live out there! Thankfully the arboretum has a healthy ecosystem with plenty of food to support them. I planted a couple of twinberries last year. I am looking forward to them becoming established and providing more habitat and food.

Juvenile Robin

I watched three baby chipmunks chasing each other around and curiously investigating the lush, spring landscape. One of the chipmunks scurried onto a small branch over the creek and stopped next to a sleeping juvenile robin. The robin was so still and well-camouflaged that I hadn’t noticed it. I’m always surprised by how well they blend in, especially if they are quiet and motionless. I have seen two nests of robins that had three fledglings each that have recently left the nest. From each nest, I have only seen one juvenile robin being fed. I don’t know what happened to the others, but they are not around begging and being fed.

In the photo below, one of the fledglings is being fed. Notice that the adult robin’s eye is slightly cloudy. I recently wrote about the nictitating eyelid, and you can see the adult using it to protect its eye during feeding.

Oriole Collecting Nest Material

The Bullock’s orioles have arrived at the arboretum. They are medium-distant migrants, most of them wintering in western Mexico. A few individuals may be resident in coastal southern California. On the range map, it looked like the Santa Barbara area down to San Diego.

They are starting to build their nests and often look for man-made materials such as rope fibers, baling twine, fishing lines, etc. I have seen nests next to rivers where at least fifty percent of the nest is constructed of these materials. During the setup for the wildflower festival, I saw them removing fibers from the ropes used to tie down the tent canopies. Two of the nests I have seen built this year have orange twine from the hay bales woven in.

The Peterson Field Guide to North American Bird Nests wonderfully describes the nests of orioles as: “Nests are pensile (hanging and attached only at the rim) or semipensile (with additional attachment at the sidewalls) and can be loosely separated into two categories: those that are classically pendulous and socklike, typically longer than wide with a narrow top, and those that are like a shallow, open gourd, the opening of which is often fairly wide and more broadly secured, in part due to the span of the fork or branches to which the rim is fastened. Nests of Bullock’s, Baltimore, and Altamira Orioles fall into the first category: Altamira nests are the longest of any species in N. America.”

The nests I see at the arboretum are constructed mostly of grasses and lichens with other bits of string, ribbons, twine, etc. utilized. The nests are lined with soft materials such as feathers or the cottony filament that disperses the seeds of cottonwoods and willows.

Happy birding! See you out there!

Resources
Bullock’s Oriole Range Map, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology. https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Bullocks_Oriole/maps-range. Accessed 21 May 2024.

McFarland, Casey, et al. Peterson Field Guide to North American Bird Nests. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2021.

Nictitating Membrane

Birds have an upper and lower eyelid to protect their eye. They also have a thin, translucent covering called a nictitating membrane that functions as a sort of third eyelid. It sweeps across horizontally from the front of the eye next to the bill towards the back. This membrane helps to clean, moisten, and protect the eye. You can see this downy woodpecker using it to shield its eyes from possible flying debris while striking the branch as it searches for food. I have also seen a bird use this membrane to cover its eyes while feeding its young or scratching its head.

This membrane also helps keep a bird’s eye safe while underwater. I have an old binder of seminars called Bird Biology by the Cornell Lab of Ornithology that says, “In certain aquatic birds such as loons, cormorants, diving ducks, and alcids [auks, murres, and puffins] the nictitating membrane has a special central, window-like area that acts like a contact lens over the cornea.” It’s like they have built in goggles. The world of birds is fascinating!

Nature is an inexhaustible source of wonder. I look forward to seeing you out there.

Stay Inspired

The incalculable diversity that continuously evolves in the life of a forest is unimaginable. As the life of this tree’s story unfolds from a sprout to a decaying snag, a vast amount of creatures, big and small, will have interacted with its being. At this moment, a Western Screech Owl finds a place to keep warm, dry, and safe. It finds a sanctuary to listen to the flowing river as it rests.

We have to leave parts of nature unimpeded and free to express her spirit so that future generations will sit in awe of her beauty and be inspired to be loving stewards of the earth and each other.

Downy Woodpecker

There are limbs and piles of debris lying around throughout the arboretum since the ice storm. Many birds are hopping through them and using them for cover and searching for food. I enjoyed watching this Downy Woodpecker investigate some of the fallen dead branches.

In the first photo, it appears that both feet briefly left the limb as he struck it. Like in the previous post, a bird’s movements happen in the blink of an eye, so I feel some actions are only observable by capturing them with a photo. It is interesting to see him seemingly throw his whole body into it as he forcefully struck the limb.

As he chipped away the bark, I occasionally saw him trying to pull off pieces of bark to get underneath. He was so determined as he tugged on them.

As he went along, he circled the whole branch. While clinging underneath, he easily moved along as he poked and searched for food.

This bird has a great spirit and is fun to watch. Happy birding!

Bewick's Acrobatics

The other day I was snapping a few photos of a Bewick’s Wren singing. When I got home and looked at the photos, I saw this one. It is out of focus, but it captured the wren launching from the branch and doing an interesting maneuver. It was twisting its body to where its feet are towards the sky as it looks downward as it flies to a lower perch. I can’t figure out why it would flip over like this as it took off. Maybe it flipped over and did a full twist. I don’t know. Little birds like wrens and kinglets dart so quickly through the branches that they might do tricky, acrobatic moves like this all the time. These movements happen so fast that you aren’t able to notice them. Maybe he was showing off for a female that was watching nearby.

According to my dad, Founder of the Odell Society of Weiner Stand Hijinks and Oddball Medicolegal Terminology of Unexplainable Ailments, he might have the “Hygolican Flips!”

Accipter Action

When out birding it can be tough to distinguish between a coopers hawk and a sharp-shinned hawk. They are hawks that can whiz by you before you get a good look. I believe this one to be a Cooper’s Hawk that has caught a Northern Flicker. I put the measurements of the three birds below so you could compare them. The following data was taken from All About Birds by The Cornell Lab.

Measurements: Coopers Hawk
Male Length: 14.6-15.3 in (37-39 cm)
Female Length: 16.5-17.7 in (42-45 cm)

Measurements: Sharp-shinned Hawk
Both Sexes: Length: 9.4-13.4 in (24-34 cm)

Measurements: Northern Flicker
Both Sexes: Length: 11.0-12.2 in (28-31 cm)

In the photo, it appears to me that the hawk is considerably larger than the flicker. The Cooper’s Hawk has a more squared head than the Sharp-shinned Hawk which has a smaller, rounder head. Both birds can be seen out at the arboretum. Most of the time I hear the alarm calls of songbirds to clue me into the presence of a Cooper’s or Sharp-shinned hawk. It is amazing to watch the speed and agility of these birds as they navigate through the landscape in pursuit of prey.

I am putting a link to an informative page by The Cornell Lab that compares the two hawks side by side. Click here.

Good luck and happy birding.

Sunning

Birds need to care for their feathers. They are important for such functions as flight, attracting mates, camouflage, regulating body temperature, and keeping dry.

On warm, sunny days out at the arboretum I will occasionally catch a Steller’s Jay or an American Robin performing an interesting behavior called sunning. This maintenance behavior isn’t completely understood but seems to be largely associated with removing parasites, such as lice, living on their skin and feathers. Studies have shown that exposing the feathers to direct sunlight can allow them to heat up enough to kill some of the lice. In addition, lice might move to escape the heat possibly making it easier to clear them away during preening, which often follows a session of basking in the sun.

While scientists continue to unravel this mystery of sunning, one thing for sure is that we will all continue to marvel at the beautiful diversity of the colors and patterns of bird feathers.

Nature is an inexhaustible source of wonder. I look forward to seeing you out there.

Resources
Hot, Bothered, and Parasite-Free: Why Birds Sun Themselves | Audubon. 27 Feb. 2020, https://www.audubon.org/news/hot-bothered-and-parasite-free-why-birds-sun-themselves.

Sibley, David. What It’s Like to Be a Bird: From Flying to Nesting, Eating to Singing -- What Birds Are Doing, and Why. Alfred A. Knopf, 2020.

White-breasted Nuthatch

The white-breasted nuthatch is one of my favorite birds, and its curious, carefree spirit is an essential part of the oak savanna habitat of the arboretum. I always look forward to hearing its vocalizations and watching it hop and skip around on a tree.

It has an interesting behavior of moving headfirst down a tree as it forages. It will often pause and tilt its head back to have a glance at its surroundings. In David Sibley’s book What It Is Like to Be a Bird he says this about how nuthatches move around a tree:
”They do not use their tail for a brace when climbing—just their two feet clinging with sharp claws. The hind toe is particularly important for clinging, and it’s relatively large and strong. Usually they position one foot above the other so that the lower foot acts as a brace while the upper foot clings to the bark. This allows them to move easily up or down the trunk and at all angles on branches.”

It primarily eats insects, insect larvae, and spiders. They have pointy bills for probing into bark furrows and beds of moss and lichen growing on the tree. It also eats nuts and seeds. They love to retrieve bits of acorns from the parking lot that have been run over by cars. It will wedge a piece of acorn in the bark of a tree to hold it while it breaks off pieces to eat or will stash it for later. I also see it collect seeds like Douglas-fir.

Peterson describes its voice as: “Song a rapid series of low, nasal whistled notes on one pitch: whi, whi, whi, whi, whi, whi or who, who, who, etc. Notes of birds in interior West higher pitched and given in rapid series. Call a distinctive nasal yank, yank, yank; also a nasal tootoo.”

This is a fun bird to watch and get to know. I posted about this bird a couple of years ago and wanted to repost it. I hope to see you out there.

Resources
Peterson, Roger Tory, et al. Peterson Field Guide to Birds of Western North America. 4th ed, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2010.

Sibley, David. What It’s Like to Be a Bird: From Flying to Nesting, Eating to Singing -- What Birds Are Doing, and Why. Alfred A. Knopf, 2020.

White-Breasted Nuthatch Overview, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology. https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/White-breasted_Nuthatch/overview. Accessed 15 Feb. 2024.

Happy New Year

Happy New Year!

I feel that is always good to ring in the new year with the dark-eyed junco. They have a gentle spirit and are often at the entrance to welcome you to the arboretum. May we all be more gentle with each other and with nature as we journey together into 2024. May your time in nature be peaceful and rejuvenating. I look forward to seeing you out there.

Ruby-crowned Kinglet

The rain-saturated reefs of mosses and lichens growing throughout the arboretum soften my eyes and quiet my mind. The ruby-crowned kinglet scribbles a path through the canopy. Its body bounces from limb to limb in a ricochet of darting straight lines and cursive swoops. Overstuffed with joy, a stitch loosens across the top of its head slightly opening a seam. I catch a glimpse of a flare, a brilliance, an illumination. Unravel the threads and let the coins spill out of your purse. Reveal your hidden treasure, a sleeping ember waiting to catch a breath of air and ignite your ruby crown!

Spotted Towhee Eating Poison Oak Berries

Poison oak grows throughout most of the ecosystem at Mt. Pisgah Arboretum. The other day I watched a spotted towhee eating the berries. I was curious to see if it was listed in their diet on All About Birds by The Cornell Lab. Check out what they listed: “In the breeding season, Spotted Towhees eat mainly insects including ground beetles, weevils, ladybugs, darkling beetles, click beetles, wood-boring beetles, crickets, grasshoppers, caterpillars, moths, bees, and wasps. Other leaf-litter arthropods such as millipedes, sowbugs, and spiders are taken as well. They also eat acorns, berries, and seeds including buckwheat, thistle, raspberry, blackberry, poison oak, sumac, nightshade, chickweed, and crops such as oats, wheat, corn, and cherries. In fall and winter, these plant foods make up the majority of their diet.” It is amazing to realize the varied diet of some birds.

Most of the time the spotted towhee will be on the ground foraging. It will do this little backward shuffle with both feet to clear away debris on the ground. This will uncover/flush insects or reveal seeds underneath. Watching a towhee forage, I am fascinated by the amount of food that it finds on the ground. Most of it is gobbled up before I can see what it was or it is too small. It’s also fascinating to realize just how much time they have to spend looking for food. Especially at this time of year, most of my birdwatching is observing birds forage for food. If you want to have birds in your yard like the spotted towhee, it is necessary to grow native plants and leave the leaf litter and other plant debris on the ground to create a habitat for them to forage. Happy birding!

Sporophytes

I recently read Robin Wall Kimmerer’s book Gathering Moss. It is a fascinating tale of the life of mosses and it sent me out into the world with a new awareness.

In the photo, there is a cushy bed of moss. In this species, thin red stalks growing out have green capsules on the end that contain spores. These structures are known as the sporophytes and are the result of sexual reproduction. When the spores mature, they will be released, hopefully finding a suitable place to land and grow.

Here’s a small, general overview which I mostly gleaned from the book, but I also watched several videos and perused some articles on the internet. After finishing the book, I decided to go back and start rereading it from the beginning. I also need to invest in a magnifying lens because the world of mosses is miniature.

Depending on the species, mosses can either have separate male and female on leafy shoots or they can have both the male and female on the same shoot on different stems. The sexual organ is usually at the tip, hidden in a cluster of leaves. The female structure is called the archegonium and the male structure is called the antheridium. For the sperm to reach the egg, it needs to be transported through water. That can be accomplished by several ways. The water collected between the leaves of the moss can act as an avenue for the sperm to swim to fertilize the egg. Rain splashing onto the antheridium can carry the sperm in droplets of water. Also, droplets of water containing sperm can cling to tiny creatures living in mosses and as they move around, they can aid in transporting the sperm to the egg.

Robin mentions in her book that she has seen birds eating the sporophytes. I captured a couple of photos of a junco hopping around on a limb, and it appears to be foraging on them.

Juncos

I was watching a small flock of juncos move across the landscape. They were down on the ground hopping and flitting about in the grass. Here and there one would pop up into this poison oak bush and eat some berries.

I love these little, winter flocks that gather at the arboretum. For me, they have a peaceful and calming presence. They embody the serenity of winter—a compass pointing to a gentle quietness as life slows down in the waning light and cooling temperature. Plant me in the earth among the decaying leaves and dry flower stalks. Let roots anchor my body and transport the elements into my spirit. Let juncos spend the cold winter nights nestled in the thicket of my warming embrace. I’ll provide them refuge from the wind in the canopy of my coat. Seeds will spill from my pockets onto the ground, and they will joyfully dance around my feet in the rain filling their bellies. We will become old friends as we weave our lives together—a companionship made of gratitude, kindness, and harmony.

White-breasted Nuthatch Caching Acorn Pieces

As I enter the arboretum, I hear the call of the white-breasted nuthatch as it merrily explores its world among the trees. Lately, I have seen it flying down to the road in the turnaround loop at the entrance. Acorns that have dropped onto the road are being broken open as vehicles drive over them. The nuthatches are picking up the pieces and caching them. It is interesting to watch them choose a spot to hide the acorn chunk. They will seemingly audition a few hiding places before finally settling on a spot. Besides looking for the best-protected area to ensure that its morsel of food stays unspoiled, I also imagine it might do this if it thinks it has been seen hiding its acorn that could potentially be taken by another animal. I saw this one stuff it in a couple of different places under a carpet of mosses before it finally decided on a crevice under a broken limb. After it wedged the bit of acorn in the crack, it collected some moss and stuffed it in to further protect and conceal the acorn. I love watching these birds. For me, their calls ringing across the landscape are an integral part of the spirit of the arboretum.

Flickers Rivalry Dance

I was on the arboretum bird walk this month and watched a couple of flickers performing their display that is used for courtship and territorial defense. In early spring or summer during courtship, they will face off in this display usually while a prospective mate watches. Since it is October, I imagine these two were engaged in territorial defense. The Cornell Lab’s All About Birds describes this display thus: “Two birds face each other on a branch, bills pointed upward, and bob their heads in time while drawing a loop or figure-eight pattern in the air, often giving rhythmic wicka calls at the same time.” They would also fan their tail feathers. The flicker on the right seemed slightly bigger and slowly backed the other one out to the end of the branch. The smaller flicker eventually flew around its rival to a nearby vertical limb. The other flicker followed and they continued their dance circling the limb.

Resources
Northern Flicker Life History, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology. https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Northern_Flicker/lifehistory. Accessed 25 Oct. 2023.

Chickadees Eating Honeysuckle Berries

I heard the sound of chickadees calling and walked up the path to see what they were up to. They were in a mixed flock of birds that included white-breasted nuthatches, red-breasted nuthatches, brown creepers, ruby-crowned kinglets, golden-crowned kinglets, dark-eyed juncos, bushtits, Townsend’s warblers, Steller’s jays, and a varied thrush. There was a frenzy of activity from the ground all the way into the upper part of the canopy.

The chickadees were eating the bright red honeysuckle berries! (They were also gleaning insects out of the lichen and moss on the tree branches, and eating poison oak berries. Check out the post - 09/26/23.)

The chickadees mostly swooped by or briefly hovered to snag a berry. On occasion, they would grab onto the end of the vine and pluck a berry off. Once they had the berry, they would fly over to a branch to eat it. Afterward, I would see them taking off with one of the seeds up into the tree and returning fairly quickly for another berry. Perhaps they were stashing the seeds somewhere in the tree to eat later.

It was difficult to get these photos and they aren’t the best. The chickadees were so fast at snagging the berries, and it was tricky to anticipate where they were going to be. Plus my camera wants to take its time focusing, so I took a fair amount of blurry chickadee photos as they zipped away or in-focus photos of the berries after the chickadee flew off. There are loads of honeysuckle berries before and after the incense cedar exhibit. Those are good places to post up and potentially watch them eating the berries. Good luck!